Featured image of post ZeroTier Travel VPN

ZeroTier Travel VPN

In this tutorial, we’ll guide you through creating a simple, solution to route all traffic through your home network using two Raspberry Pi devices and ZeroTier. This setup allows you to securely connect to your home network from anywhere and route all your internet traffic through your home network, providing an extra layer of security and privacy. You will also get the same IP address as you Home network from anywhere in the world. ZeroTier is a powerful tool that allows you to create secure virtual networks, enabling your devices to communicate as if they’re on the same local network, regardless of their physical locations.

Note: This tutorial is inspired by the DigitalOcean guide and harivemula guide.

Prerequisites

Before we begin, ensure you have the following:

  • Two Raspberry Pi devices with Raspberry Pi OS installed and updated. (I used two Raspberry Pi 3 devices with Raspberry Pi OS (64-bit, Kernel version: 6.6) for this tutorial.)
  • Internet connectivity for both Raspberry Pi devices.
  • A ZeroTier account. If you don’t have one, you can create it for free at ZeroTier Central.

Overview of the Architecture

Architecture

Step 1: Set Up a ZeroTier Network

Create a ZeroTier Account

  1. Visit ZeroTier Central and sign up for a free account.

Create a New Network

  1. Once logged in, click on “Create A Network.”
  2. A new network will be created, and you’ll be provided with a unique Network ID. Note this ID, as you’ll need it later.

Configure the Network

  1. Click on your newly created network to access its settings.
  2. Here, you can set a name for your network and adjust other settings as needed.
  3. Ensure that “Private” is selected under “Access Control” to keep your network secure.

Step 2: Install ZeroTier on the Raspberry Pi Devices

Perform the following steps on both Raspberry Pi devices.

Install needed packages

  1. Install the ZeroTier repository and its GPG key:

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    curl https://raw.githubusercontent.com/zerotier/ZeroTierOne/master/doc/contact%40zerotier.com.gpg | gpg --dearmor | sudo tee /usr/share/keyrings/zerotierone-archive-keyring.gpg >/dev/null

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    RELEASE=$(lsb_release -cs)

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    echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/keyrings/zerotierone-archive-keyring.gpg] http://download.zerotier.com/debian/$RELEASE $RELEASE main" | sudo tee /etc/apt/sources.list.d/zerotier.list

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    sudo apt update
sudo apt install -y zerotier-one

  2. Verify the Installation:

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    sudo zerotier-cli status

    You should see an output indicating that ZeroTier is online.

  3. Install additional packages:

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    sudo apt install dnsmasq hostapd iptables dhcpcd5

    dnsmasq: A lightweight DNS and DHCP server.

    iptables: A tool for configuring the Linux kernel firewall.

    hostapd: A user space daemon for access point and authentication servers. (Only needed for the Travel Raspberry Pi for setting up a Wi-Fi access point)

    dhcpcd5: A DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Client Daemon) client and server. (Only needed for the Travel Raspberry Pi for setting up a static IP address)

Step 3: Join your ZeroTier Network

  1. Run the following command on each Raspberry Pi:

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    sudo zerotier-cli join [Your_Network_ID]

    Replace [Your_Network_ID] with the Network ID you noted earlier.

  2. Authorize the Devices:

    In ZeroTier Central, under your network’s settings, scroll down to the “Members” section.

    You should see the Raspberry Pi devices listed as new devices. Check the “Auth?” box next to each device to authorize them on the network and click “Authorize” button.

    You can also rename the devices to make them easily identifiable.

  3. Verify Connectivity:

    On each Raspberry Pi, list the networks to confirm they’re connected:

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    sudo zerotier-cli listnetworks

    You should see your network listed with the status “OK.”

Step 4: Test the VPN Connection

  1. Obtain the ZeroTier IP Addresses: In ZeroTier Central, under the “Members” section, note the managed IP addresses assigned to each Raspberry Pi. If no IP address is assigned automatically, you can assign one manually. In this tutorial, we’ll use the ZeroTier IP addresses 192.168.191.99 for the Travel Raspberry Pi and 192.168.191.134 for the Home Raspberry Pi.

    ZeroTier Configuration

  2. Test Connectivity: You can join the same network on your local machine using the ZeroTier client and ping the Raspberry Pi devices to verify connectivity.

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    ping [ZeroTier_IP_of_Raspberry_Pi]

    You should receive responses, indicating a successful VPN connection.

Step 5: Configure Home Raspberry Pi

To configure the home Raspberry Pi to route all traffic through it, follow these steps:

  1. Enable IP Forwarding:

    • Open the sysctl configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf

    • Uncomment or add the following line to enable IP forwarding:

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      net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
net.ipv4.conf.all.rp_filter=2

    • Apply the changes:

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      sudo sysctl -p

  2. Configure dnsmasq:

    • Open the dnsmasq configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    • Add the following line to configure the DNS server:

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      server=192.168.1.1

  3. Configure rc.local:

    • Open the rc.local file:

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      sudo nano /etc/rc.local

    • Add the following lines before the exit 0 line to join the ZeroTier network and set up NAT:

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      sudo zerotier-cli join [Your_Network_ID]
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o eth0 -j MASQUERADE
sudo iptables -A FORWARD -m conntrack --ctstate RELATED,ESTABLISHED -j ACCEPT
sudo iptables -A FORWARD -i ztc3qulcfx -o eth0 -j ACCEPT

      PS: The Home Raspberry Pi may also be connected to the internet via Wi-Fi. In this case, replace eth0 with the interface name of the internet connection (e.g. wlan0).

    • Make rc.local file executable:

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      sudo chmod +x /etc/rc.local

  4. Configure ZeroTier Network Settings:

    • Open the ZeroTier network configuration file:

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      sudo nano /var/lib/zerotier-one/networks.d/[Your_Network_ID].local.conf

    • Add the following lines to allow managed routes and global traffic:

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      allowManaged=1
allowGlobal=1
allowDefault=1
allowDNS=0

  5. Reboot the Raspberry Pi:

    • Reboot the Raspberry Pi to apply all changes:

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      sudo reboot

Step 6: Configure Travel Raspberry Pi

This Raspberry Pi should be connected to the internet via Ethernet and will act as a Wi-Fi access point for other devices. All traffic from the Wi-Fi clients will be routed through the ZeroTier network and the Home Raspberry Pi. PS: If you want to connect the Travel Raspberry Pi to the internet via Wi-Fi, you need an additional USB Wi-Fi adapter. (not covered in this tutorial) To configure the Travel Raspberry Pi, follow these steps:

  1. Configure Static IP Address:

    • Open the DHCP client configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/dhcpcd.conf

    • Add the following lines to set a static IP address for the wlan0 interface:

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      interface wlan0
static ip_address=192.168.1.1/24
nohook wpa_supplicant

  2. Configure dnsmasq:

    • Open the dnsmasq configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/dnsmasq.conf

    • Add the following lines to configure DHCP and DNS settings:

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      interface=wlan0
server=8.8.8.8
server=8.8.4.4
dhcp-range=192.168.1.2,192.168.1.200,255.255.255.0,24h

  3. Enable wlan0:

    • Ensure wlan0 is unblocked:

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      sudo rfkill unblock wlan
sudo ifconfig wlan0 up

  4. Configure hostapd:

    • Open the hostapd configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

    • Add the following lines to configure the Wi-Fi access point:

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      country_code=DE
interface=wlan0
ssid=TESTWLAN
channel=13
auth_algs=1
wpa=2
wpa_passphrase=[passphrase]
wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK
wpa_pairwise=TKIP CCMP
rsn_pairwise=CCMP

      Change [passphrase] with your own password for the Wi-Fi access point. The Wi-Fi access point name used here is “TESTWLAN”

    • Set the correct permissions for the configuration file:

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      sudo chmod 600 /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

    • Unmask, start and enable hostapd:

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      sudo systemctl unmask hostapd
sudo systemctl start hostapd
sudo systemctl enable hostapd

    • Configure hostapd to run as a background service:

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      sudo nano /etc/default/hostapd

      Add following lines:

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      RUN_DAEMON=yes
DAEMON_CONF="/etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf"

  5. Enable IP Forwarding:

    • Open the sysctl configuration file:

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      sudo nano /etc/sysctl.conf

    • Uncomment or add the following line to enable IP forwarding:

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      net.ipv4.ip_forward=1

    • Apply the changes:

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      sudo sysctl -p

  6. Test that the Wi-Fi access point can be enabled:

    • Run following command
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    sudo hostapd /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

  7. Configure rc.local:

    • Open the rc.local file:

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      sudo nano /etc/rc.local

    • Add the following lines before the exit 0 line to join the ZeroTier network and start necessary services on boot:

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      sudo rfkill unblock wlan
sudo ifconfig wlan0 up
sudo zerotier-cli join [Your_Network_ID]
sudo systemctl start dhcpcd
sudo iptables -t nat -A POSTROUTING -o ztc3qulcfx -j MASQUERADE
sudo hostapd /etc/hostapd/hostapd.conf

      PS: Replace ztc3qulcfx with the interface name of the ZeroTier network.

    • Make rc.local file executable:

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      sudo chmod +x /etc/rc.local

  8. Configure ZeroTier Network Settings:

    • Open the ZeroTier network configuration file:

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      sudo nano /var/lib/zerotier-one/networks.d/[Your_Network_ID].local.conf

    • Add the following lines to allow managed routes and global traffic:

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      allowManaged=1
allowGlobal=1
allowDefault=1
allowDNS=0

  9. Reboot the Raspberry Pi:

    • Reboot the Raspberry Pi to apply all changes:

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      sudo reboot

Step 7: Configure ZeroTier Managed Routes

You should now configure the ZeroTier managed routes to ensure that traffic is routed correctly between the Raspberry Pi devices. Following is my ZeroTier managed routes configuration:

ZeroTier Managed Routes

  • The IP address 192.168.191.134 is the ZeroTier IP address of the Travel Raspberry PI.
  • 192.168.191.0/24 (LAN) is the ZeroTier server’s network.

Step 8: Test the VPN connection

To test the VPN connection, connect to the Wi-Fi access point of the Travel Raspberry Pi and try to access the internet. You should see that all traffic is routed through the Home Raspberry Pi. You can verify this by checking your public IP address, which should match the public IP address of the Home Raspberry Pi.

Additional Considerations

  • Security: Ensure that you have strong passwords and firewall rules in place to secure your network.

  • Performance: The performance of your VPN may vary based on the Raspberry Pi model and network conditions.

  • Troubleshooting: If you encounter issues, check the logs on both Raspberry Pi devices for error messages and investigate accordingly.

  • Desabling the VPN: If you want to disable the VPN, you can simply stop the ZeroTier service on both Raspberry Pi devices:

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    sudo systemctl stop zerotier-one

    You can also set allowDefault back to 0:

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    sudo zerotier-cli set NetworkID allowDefault=0
© 2025 Cherif Sahraoui / Sahraoui - Consulting
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